（2023 农行）Over the past several years, one of the most important contributions psychology has made to the field of business has been in determining the key traits of acknowledged leaders.
Psychological tests have been used to determine what characteristics are most commonly noted among successful leaders. This list of characteristics can be used for developmental purposes to help managers gain insight and develop their leadership skills. The new leaders of tomorrow are visionary. They are both learners and teachers. Not only do they foresee paradigm changes in society, but they also have a strong sense of ethics and work to build integrity in their organizations.
Raymond Cattell, a pioneer in the field of personality assessment, developed the Leadership Potential equation in 1954. This equation, which was based on a study of military leaders, is used today to determine the traits which characterize an effective leader.
The traits of an effective leader include the following:
●Emotional stability: Good leaders must be able to tolerate frustration and stress. Overall, they must be well-adjusted and have the psychological maturity to deal with anything they are required to face.
●Dominance: Leaders are often competitive, decisive and usually enjoy overcoming obstacles. Overall, they are assertive in their thinking style as well as their attitude in
dealing with others.
●Enthusiasm: Leaders are usually seen as active, expressive and energetic. They are often very optimistic and open to change. Overall, they are generally quick and alert and
tend to be uninhibited.
●Self-assurance: Self-confidence and resiliency are common traits among leaders.
They tend to be free of guilt and have little or no need for approval. They are generally unaffected by prior mistakes or failures.
●Charisma: People usually perceive leaders as larger than life. Charisma plays a large part in this perception. Leaders who have charisma are able to arouse strong emotions in their employees by defining a vision which unites and captivates them.
Leaders are rarely (if ever) born. Circumstances and persistence are major components in the developmental process of any leader, so if your goal is to become a leader, work on
developing those areas of your personality that you feel are not up to par. For instance, if you have all of the basic traits but do not consider yourself very much of a people person,
try taking classes or reading books on empathy. Just remember, anyone can do anything they set their mind to.
Q: What can be inferred from the article?

A Charisma is the most important trait of a leader

B Leaders are born rather than cultivated by environment

C If you own all of the traits of a leader, you can be one

D Leaders can be cultivated by environment and persistence