根据以下材料，回答21-25题 Marteza Hasani fled Afghanistan in 2005 when
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根据以下材料，回答21-25题
Marteza Hasani fled Afghanistan in 2005 when he was six years old.During the war there, he found the beheaded body of his father, who had been killed by the Taliban, in front of his family home.That was the first of many unimaginable traumas he faced before arriving in Germany as a refugee in 2015."I couldn't get the image of my father out of my head,"he says.
Hasani is one of more than 100 refugees who have taken part in a study to examine how mental health can be damaged by such traumas—it is perhaps the largest and most detailed of young refugees'psychological status carried out so far.Young people who flee their countries are already at greater risk of developing mental-health problems than is the general population.Migration itself is known to be a factor in developing such disorders—but many refugees also experience violent and life-threatening events before and during their flight.The latest study is the first to try to quantify how these events affect psychiatric problems—and it finds that the risk of developing mental-health problems, and their severity, rise significantly with each accumulated trauma a person has experienced.
Environmental stressors can increase the risk of young people developing psychiatric disorders,particularly if they already have a slight genetic predisposition.These range from experiencing or witnessing violence to migration and living in cities.In a 2014 study, Ehrenreich showed that even being the child of a migrant constitutes such a risk.
Neurologist and psychiatrist Martin Begemann conducted detailed physical, psychological and cognitive examinations of each participant.He asked about their traumatic experiences, which often included torture, slavery and physical and sexual abuse.He found scars from gunshot wounds, stabbings, explosions, burns and electric shocks on 40% of the participants.Begemann then conducted interviews to determine whether the participants showed signs of depression, psychosis or cognitive difficulties.He organized psychiatric treatment for those who needed it.
The researchers used their assessments to quantify a person's overall risk of mental-health problems, and found that this rose stepwise with the number of risk factors experienced.In addition,refugees' ability to cope with daily life declined with each additional trauma.The team also found some factors that had been thought to be "psychologically protective", such as fleeing with a family member or a friend, didn't seem to mitigate the effects of the negative stressors.
The authors note that stressors continue in host nations—for example, poor living conditions, multiple relocations, social exclusion and hostility towards refugees because they are foreigners.Stressful conditions such as these in many centres only add to the risk and the latest work emphasizes this, says Peter Ventevogel, senior mental-health officer at the UN Refugee Agency.For participants such as Hasani, the study was beneficial because it led him into psychiatric therapy."Now I am feeling better and can sleep," he says.
Researchers attributed the rise of the severity of the psychiatric problems to
